Many of the neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic disorders are attributed to degeneration of neurons with subsequent functional loss. Cell transplantation is a strategy with potential for treatment of such disorders; many kinds of cells have been considered candidates for transplantation therapy. Here we demonstrate that various kinds of cells from both neural- and non- neural tissues, such as Schwann cells, choroids plexus epithelial cells and bone marrow stromal cells, have properties useful in the treatment of spinal cord and optic nerve injuries and other neurotraumatic disorders, as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and brain ischemia. Schwann cells and neuronal cells both induced from bone marrow stromal cells are transplanted as well. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms of neuronal protection and subsequent neural regeneration after transplantation of these cells.