Plant photosynthetic matter production is essential for maintaining or improving our ecosystem. Recent studies have provided evidence suggesting that in plants, activity(ies) of vacuolar H⁺ pump(s) is an important internal factor that can affect photosynthetic matter production by influencing stomatal aperture and density, photosynthetic source-sink balance, and tolerance against environmental stresses. Improvement of the activity(ies) of plant vacuolar H⁺ pump(s) may be an effective way to improve our ecosystem. This review provides relevant information focusing especially on the physiological and biotechnological experimental data that have been reported so far.