Gene Therapy or in vivo gene transfer, a discipline which involves transfer of nucleic acids into cells via transfection (non-viral vector-mediated gene introduction into cells) or transduction (viral vector-mediated gene transfer into cells), has tremendous potential to treat or cure human diseases . Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for ~33 % of deaths annually [1]. Cardiovascular disease (including coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and arrhythmias) is, therefore, a prime  candidate  for novel medical applications, including  gene therapy. Vascular diseases of divergent origins  often involve common phenotypes and are potentially responsive to common therapies, such as avenues that govern immunoreactivity  or smooth muscle cell profileration. The first report, in 1990, of in vivo arterial gene transfer  of lipid/DNA complexes and retroviral vector-delivered DNA (2), stimulated the development of a number of strategies, some of the more recent of which are presented in this review.