To review the available information regarding chemokines and their possible implications in the endometrium during the human reproductive processes, a thorough literature review was conducted to identify studies relating to the roles of chemokines in normal and pathological situations during the menstrual cycle and implantation. A number of chemokines mediate leukocyte traffic through their specific receptors in the human endometrium. Although four subfamilies of chemokines have been described to date, CC-, CXC-, and CX₃C-chemokines are reported to be involved in endometrial leukocyte trafficking and function and are also involved in other phenomena. Chemokines play relevant roles in many physiologic and pathologic endometrial events, such as menstruation, decidualization, implantation, and the maintenance of early pregnancy. Knowledge about these roles of chemokines may provide insight into the mechanism underlying the recruitment and function of inflammatory cells during the human reproductive processes.