Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) include three structurally distinct families (α, β, and γ) of mostly zinc-metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of carbon dioxide/ bicarbonate. Historically, CAs have been extensively studied because of their broad physiological importance in all kingdoms of life and clinical relevance as drug targets. Recently, there has been an increasing industrial interest in using CAs as biocatalyst for carbon sequestration out of flue gas from coal-fired power plants and in exploiting CAs in algae as a way to capture CO₂ and convert it into biofuels or other valuable products. In addition, there is the continuing development of CAs for medical devices such as artificial lungs and biosensors. This review highlights the current state of these industrial processes and discusses their biotechnological applications.